Screen title, abstract, and full text based on the following eligibility criteria:
- Only interventions were included with which prostate cancer can be treated locally via the transperineal pathway without resecting the prostate, excluding articles on diagnostics, treatment of benign tumors, (partial) resection of the prostate, and prostate volume determination.
- Regarding the study conditions, only clinical studies were accepted, whereas pre-clinical, phantom, animal, and simulation studies were excluded.
- Only studies focused on the quantitative assessment of needle positioning were accepted, excluding studies solely focused on needle design, planning, patient selection, physician learning curve, automated needle detection, functional or biological outcomes, hospitalization time, and costs. Hazards unrelated to needle positioning were excluded, such as prostate movement due to bladder filling, brachytherapy seed migration, and inter-observer variability.