Exact methods depend on sample and analyte type. For lipids (e.g, acylcarnitines, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, triglycerides) and hexoses, we use flow injection analysis-tandem MS (FIA-MS/MS) using a 5500 QTRAP‱ instrument (AB Sciex, Darmstadt, Germany) with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source for plasma and tissue samples, and a Xevo TQ-S (Waters, Vienna, Austria) instrument with an ESI source for gut content samples. For small molecules, we use liquid chromatography-tandem MS (LC-MS/MS), also using a 5500 QTRAP‱ instrument for all samples. For gut tissue and content samples we also use LC-MS/MS on a Xevo TQ-S instrument.