Jun 26, 2023
Modified Rapid Phytolith Methods
- 1Atlatl Archaeology Ltd.
- Kali R Wade: This would not be possible without the work of Ofir Katz and colleagues (2010) and additional modifications from Rosa Maria Albert and colleagues (pers comm.)
Protocol Citation: Kali R Wade 2023. Modified Rapid Phytolith Methods. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.3byl4qerzvo5/v1
License: This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Protocol status: Working
We use this protocol and it's working
Created: June 12, 2023
Last Modified: June 26, 2023
Protocol Integer ID: 83265
Abstract
Processing procedures here are modified from those outlined in Katz et al 2010. Samples can be processed in this way and, following completion, rinsed with deionized water and dried to a stable state for storage and to make extra slides for morphological IDs.
Safety warnings
This protocol includes the use of hazardous chemicals and therefore, ensure you are using any and all personal protective equipment possible. At minimum, I would recommend the use of a fume-hood when dealing with chemicals and the use of a labcoat, goggles, gloves, and hair tied back securely.
Before start
Follow the "fail-safe" practices outlined here, in addition to any other health and safety paperwork or contamination recommendations from your organization.
Fail-Safe Practices
Fail-Safe Practices
30m
30m
Wiping down all equipment, surfaces, and tools used with soap and water followed by acetone (beginning and end of every day of the project).
Checking and adjusting the density of sodium polytungstate (SPT) to conform to the protocol being used (normally between 2.3 and 2.5 g/ml).
Plating one slide of each hydrocloric acid (HCl) SPT, and the mounting agent (likely Cargille Immersion Oil, Type B) and viewing them under microscopy to ensure no contamination.
Calibrating analytical balances.
Sample Preparation
Sample Preparation
If necessary, place samples in desiccator overnight, set to 30°C.
1d
Label 1.5 ml centrifuge tubes (2 per sample being processed) with sample ID.
Sieve samples through 0.5 mm mesh, rinsing mesh between each sample with soap and water, acetone, then deionized water.
Weigh 30-80 mg of sediment into 1.5 ml centrifuge tube. Ensure balance is tared following the weight of the tube, prior to weighing sediment, with balances' scale and lab doors closed.
Organic and Carbonate Removal
Organic and Carbonate Removal
8m
8m
Add 50μl of 6N HCl, waiting for bubbling to cease (give the samples a few minutes). Shake tube to ensure chemical gets through all of the sample
Add 450μl of 2.5 g/ml SPT
Breaking up Soil Aggregates & Creating Pellet
Breaking up Soil Aggregates & Creating Pellet
22m
22m
Vortex for 3 sec, sonicate for 10 min, vortex 3 sec
11m
Centrifuge for 10 min at 6rpm
11m
Plating Slides
Plating Slides
Remove supernatant to clean 1.5ml test tube. Be mindful of proper labels.
Vortex supernatant for 3sec
Pipette 50μl of supernatant onto a labelled microscope slide and cover with a coverslip. Seal with nail polish. Slides last between 6-12 hours before crystallization
Protocol references
Katz, Ofir, Dan Cabanes, Stephen Weiner, Aren M. Maier, Elisabetta Boaretto, and Ruth Shahack-Gross. 2010. Rapid phytolith extraction for analysis of phytolith concentrations and assemblages during an excavation: an application at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 1557-1563.