This protocol isolates circulating sexual and asexual Plasmodium parasites from an infected individual's blood such that the resulting parasites are viable for single cell RNA sequencing, as well as bulk RNA sequencing and genome sequencing.
The important features of the protocol include (i) preventing the activation of gametocytes by re-suspending the blood in Suspended Animation (SA) buffer, (ii) using MACS columns to concentrate capture of circulating gametocytes and late stages from blood, (iii) using Plasmodipur filters to eliminate human contamination from white blood cells, and (iv) performing selective erythrocyte lysis using Streptolysin O (SLO) to remove as many uninfected erythrocytes as possible and improve the percentage of infected erythrocytes for further analysis.
We have successfully used this protocol on parasites captured from the blood of naturally infected carriers in Mali to generate single cell RNA sequencing data on both asexual and sexual parasites of P. falciparum, P. ovale and P. malariae using the 10X 3' protocol. Because both the asexual stage parasites and gametocytes of P. malariae and P. ovale spp. circulate in the peripheral blood, we recover asexual stages in both the MACS and non-MACS fractions for these two species.
Human contamination from high quantity transcripts present in erythrocytes remains a problem as SLO is not always successful at removing the majority of uninfected erythrocytes. This contributes to a significant proportion of sequencing output, and decision to sequence at required depth should be taken upon inspection of the RBC-specific transcript peak (~700 nt) post-cDNA amplification QC. In our experience, when there is a significant RBC-specific peak, we recommend not proceeding with single cell RNA sequencing unless at least 3000 cells can be targeted for recovery.