This protocol was written in accordance with PRISMA-P.5 The study follows the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews6 and registered on Protocols.io.
The following databases are systematically searched electronically: MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Embase, and Web of Science.
The full search strategy for the five databases is developed using words contained in the title and abstract of relevant articles and the index terms used to describe the articles (see Appendix). The reference lists of the collected literature are screened for additional studies.
Study/Source of evidence selection
After the search, all identified citations are uploaded to Rayyan (Rayyan, Massachusetts, USA), and duplicates are removed. Following a pilot test, two independent reviewers (KS and KO) screen the titles and abstracts against the review's inclusion criteria. Relevant sources are fully retrieved, and their citation details are imported into Rayyan. The main text records and reports the reasons for excluding sources not meeting the inclusion criteria during full-text screening. Any disagreements between reviewers at each stage of the selection process are resolved through discussion or with an additional reviewer (TG). The search results and the study inclusion process are reported in the final scoping review manuscript and presented in a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) flow diagram.5
Two independent reviewers (KS and KO) extracted data from the screened papers using a data extraction form, a spreadsheet created by the authors. The extracted data include details on Participants, Concept, Context, Methods, and key findings relevant to the Review question. The draft data extraction form includes information on the author, year of publication, country of origin, study design, study purpose, population and sample size, study methodology, outcomes and details, clinical information of cases for case reports, and key findings relevant to the scoping review question. The draft data extraction form is modified and revised as necessary while extracting data from the screened papers. Modifications are detailed in the scoping review. Any disagreements with the reviewer are resolved through discussion or with an additional reviewer. If necessary, the authors of the papers are contacted to request missing or additional data.
Data analysis and presentation
The data are presented in graphical or tabular form. The insights and evidence from the reviewed papers are described separately for (1) clinical characteristics and (2) management strategies.