Jul 09, 2024
Chromatographic separation of strontium in archaeological cremated remains for Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) analysis
- 1Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Protocol Citation: Maura De Coster, Lisette M. Kootker 2024. Chromatographic separation of strontium in archaeological cremated remains for Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) analysis. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.j8nlk8d5xl5r/v1
License: This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Protocol status: Working
We use this protocol and it is working
Created: June 18, 2024
Last Modified: July 09, 2024
Protocol Integer ID: 101997
Keywords: archaeology, strontium, isotope, TIMS, cremations, calcined bones
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Abstract
This protocol describes in great detail all the steps that must be taken for strontium isotope analysis on archaeological cremated remains, from the receipt of the samples to the deposition of the data generated by Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (TIMS).
Image Attribution
All images by Lisette M. Kootker
Protocol materials
Acetic acid (glacial 100%, Suprapur for trace analysis, Supelco)Merck MilliporeSigma (Sigma-Aldrich)Catalog #1.00066.1000
Step 1
Safety warnings
HNO3 safety sheet 
null.pdf91KB
null.pdf91KB HCl safety sheet HYDROCHLORIC-ACID-NF-FCC-21-2L.pdf65KB
HYDROCHLORIC-ACID-NF-FCC-21-2L.pdf65KB Cleaning and leaching
Cleaning and leaching
Mechanically clean the cremated bone samples using a handheld drill (e.g., PROXXON or Dremel) to remove the outer layer of the bone, so all soil residue is removed. If present, also remove all of the trabecular bone (but see De Coster et al. 2024 paragraph 4.1).
Next, following the protocol described in Snoeck et al., 2015,2018 transfer the cleaned bone fragments to glass vials and leach them with circa 1.0 mL (10:1 ratio) 1 Molarity (M) Acetic acid (glacial 100%, Suprapur for trace analysis, Supelco)Merck MilliporeSigma (Sigma-Aldrich)Catalog #1.00066.1000 ultrasonically for 00:03:00 - 00:10:00 , followed by two Milli-Q‱ rinses, and a 00:10:00 Milli-Q‱ ultrasonic wash. Repeat these steps until the Milli-Q‱ in the glass vials are clear or show a white cloudy color. Dry the samples on a hotplate at 50 °C Overnight .
Colored liquid indicates the presence of contaminating materials. The process is repeated using Milli-Q water until the liquid is clear. Photo: L.M. Kootker
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33m
If Pars petrosae were sampled, cut them midmodiolarly using a Buehler IsoMet 1000 precision saw (Veselka et al. 2021). Locate the otic capsule and subsample in acid-cleaned Eppendorf‱ tubes approximately 10 mg of bone powder with a handheld drill (e.g., PROXXON or Dremel) and transfer the samples to a clean laboratory. Here, follow the protocol described in step 1.
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Subsampling
Subsampling
After drying the samples on the hotplates the samples, subsample ca. 10-20 mg using a handheld drill (e.g., PROXXON or Dremel) equipped with a diamond tipped ball burr. The bone should be fully white after the mechanical cleaning. Any grey or black bones are not suitable for Sr isotope analysis. Therefore, exclude the discolored samples from further analysis. However, if only parts of the bone are not fully calcined/white, specifically target the white surfaces.
After the samples have been dried on a hotplate or in an oven, the sample is powdered. Include only fully white bone for analysis. Sample around any discolored surfaces. Photo: L.M. Kootker
Sample dissolution
Sample dissolution
Weigh 2-10 mg of cremated bone powder into an acid-cleaned Eppendorf® centrifuge tube. Note down the weights in gram. Next, add 600 µL of pro-analysis quality 3M HNO3. Bone powder will dissolve within seconds in Room temperature . If small fragments of bone are sampled, place the Eppendorf® tube in an ultrasonic bath for ca. 00:10:00 to allow all enamel to dissolve. Next, centrifuge the samples for 00:03:00 at 12000 rpm, Room temperature .
13m
Chromatographic separation
Chromatographic separation
Separate Sr from the matrix using in-house made Sr columns made from 1.5 ml pipette tips and using a 3.5 mm PE frit (Angst and Pfister, h = 2 mm, porosity 35 μm).
The columns are stored in pipette tip boxes in ±3M HCl. Take out a column with a plastic tweezer, tap the HCL out of the pipette tip and rinse 3 times with Milli-Q. Place the column in the rack and carefully fill with Milli-Q. Add 80 µL Sr resin (120 µL in slurry (0.2M HNO3), Eichrom Technologies, 100–150 μm mesh).
In-house made column filled with 80 µl Sr resin, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Photo: L.M. Kootker
Clean the columns using the following steps:
1 CV (column volume) 3M HNO3
1 CV Milli-Q
1 CV 3M HNO3
1 CV Milli-Q
Condition the columns by adding 500 µL 3M HNO3.
Next, load 500 µL of sample. The remaining 100 µl can be used for concentration measurements. Use a new, acid-cleaned pipette tip for every sample (see 4.2). Once the samples dripped through the columns, wash the samples twice with 900 µL 3M HNO3. Replace the waste beakers containing the pre-fraction with acid-cleaned 5 or 7 ml PFA (Savillex) beakers (see 4.1). To elute the Sr, wash with 900 µL Milli-Q. Add 0.07 to 0.11 gram (1-3 drops) of 84Sr spike to the blank(s). Add 1 drop 0.5% H3PO4 to the samples (and blanks and in-house standard if applicable).
Close the beakers and transfer them to a hotplate. Place the beakers and the caps on a hotplate at 120 °C overnight. Once dry, nitrate with 4-6 drops of 14M (concentrated) HNO3. Dry the samples (and blanks and in-house standards if applicable) at 120 °C .
Cleaning Teflon® PFA (high-purity Perfluoroalkoxy resin) laboratory equipment: sub-boil in pro-analysis quality 3M HNO3 and 6-7M HCl for 2 hours each in a fume cupboard. Rinse 3 times with Milli-Q between the baths. Add ca. 3 ml 6-7M HCl, close the caps and leave on a hotplate at 120 °C for 2-5 days. Discard the acid, rinse 2 times with Milli-Q and store in a clean box.
Cleaning pipette tips: Fill a pipette box with pipette tips, leaving one slot empty. Fill the box with 500 ml of approximately 3M HCl and let it stand for about 5-10 days at Room temperature . Remove the acid and rinse three times with Milli-Q. Place on a hotplate at 60 °C to dry.
TIMS preparation
TIMS preparation
Add 2 µL 10% HNO3 to the dried samples. Place the outgassed single annealed rhenium filaments in the dedicated holders and increase the current to 1.5 mA. Create little 'dams' with parafilm. Reduce the current to 0 mA. Pipette 2 µL of TaCl5 and 1 µL of sample (50%, to allow for a rerun if needed) between the parafilm dams on the filament. Dry slowly at 1.0 mA. Once dry, gradually increase the current to 1.3 mA until the samples turn black, then to 1.6 mA to burn away the parafilm. Increase further to approximately 1.8-2.0 mA until the samples glow. Once they are bright red, immediately reduce the current to 0 mA and load the sample onto the turret.
Use a new, acid-cleaned pipette tip (see 4.2) for every sample.
Upload data
Upload data
Upload the 87Sr/86Sr data as a dataset on IsoArch.eu. IsoArcH is an open and collaborative database of georeferenced isotopic measures of bioarcheological samples from all time periods and all around the world. The IsoArcH initiative supports the CARE principles. In parallel, IsoArcH has adopted the FAIR practices to ensure that datasets are readily discoverable and compatible within the IsoArcH database.
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Citations
Step 1
Maura De Coster, Saskia Ammer, Tim Laning, Lisette M. Kootker. The Relevance of Sr–O–C Isotope Analysis on Burnt Human Skeletal Remains in Archeological and Forensic Contexts: A Review and Future Directions
https://doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1524Step 1
Snoeck C, Pouncett J, Claeys P, Goderis S, Mattielli N, Parker Pearson M, Willis C, Zazzo A, Lee-Thorp JA, Schulting RJ. Strontium isotope analysis on cremated human remains from Stonehenge support links with west Wales.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28969-8Step 1
Snoeck C, Lee-Thorp J, Schulting R, de Jong J, Debouge W, Mattielli N. Calcined bone provides a reliable substrate for strontium isotope ratios as shown by an enrichment experiment.
https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7078Step 6
Plomp E, Stantis C, James HF, Cheung C, Snoeck C, Kootker L, Kharobi A, Borges C, Moreiras Reynaga DK, Pospieszny Ł, Fulminante F, Stevens R, Alaica AK, Becker A, de Rochefort X, Salesse K. The IsoArcH initiative: Working towards an open and collaborative isotope data culture in bioarchaeology.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108595